Detergent noun Any non-soap cleaning agent, especially a synthetic surfactant. Surfactant noun biochemistry A lipoprotein in the tissues of the lung that reduces surface tension and permits more efficient gas transport.
Detergent adjective Having the power to clean. Surfactant noun a substance capable of reducing the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved.
Detergent adjective Cleansing; purging. Surfactant noun a substance which tends to reduce the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved. Detergent noun a surface-active chemical widely used in industry and laundering.
Surfactant Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension or interfacial tension between two liquids, between a gas and a liquid, or between a liquid and a solid. Detergent noun a cleansing agent that differs from soap but can also emulsify oils and hold dirt in suspension.
Detergent adjective having cleansing power. Detergent noun any additive with a similar action to a detergent, e. Detergent A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleansing properties in dilute solutions. Popular Comparisons. Adress vs. Comming vs. Label vs. Genius vs. Speech vs. Chief vs. Teat vs. Neice vs. Buisness vs. Beeing vs. Amature vs. These formulations were designed to deal with different types of dirt and stains depended on water conditions at various countries and cities.
Some of the other materials, such as ethoxylated amines, alkanolamides, betaines, alkyldiphenyl, and oxide disulfonates, have been used for many years routinely in other industries. One of the mostly used surfactants which have been used in powdered detergent industry is believed to be linear alkylbenzene sulfonate known as LAS. This surfactant is an inexpensive and accessible ingredient that is effective on dirt but less so on greasy or oily stains.
Hence, still, searching for raw materials with low cost, higher yields and most importantly searching for green methodologies in detergent industry is of prime importance. According to a report obtained by Henkel in , household detergent formulations vary in the U.
In , Augustin, studied about an aqueous polyoxyalkylene ether detergent-inorganic builder concentrates. According to this patent it was determined that water-soluble alkyl sulfates such as sodium lauryl ether sulfate SLES , sodium palmityl sulfate, sodium octadecyl sulfate, SDS and sodium octyl sulfate in small amounts can inhibit the precipitation or salting-out of polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers from aqueous concentrates with inorganic builders.
Their used anionic surfactants were potassium lauryl alkyl sulfate, sodium lauryl alkyl sulfate, sodium palmityl alkyl sulfate, SDS, sodium myristyl alkyl sulfate, potassium palmityl alkyl sulfate, potassium decyl sulfate, sodium coconut alkyl sulfate, potassium coconut alkyl sulfate, potassium myristyl alkyl sulfate, magnesium dodecyl sulfate, magnesium C alkyl sulfate and mixtures of these surfactants.
Goffinet represented a patent entitled liquid detergent compositions, in His invention was related to aqueous detergent compositions suitable for use as general purpose household cleaning compositions. They used nonionic surfactants such as polyethylene oxide obtained by alkyl phenol, the condensation product of primary or secondary aliphatic alcohols possessing carbon atoms, and the compounds obtained by condensing ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with either propylene glycol orethylene diamine.
In the study, detergent comprised at least one ingredient chosen from the group comprising LABS, sodium lauryl sulphate SLS , sodium carbonate, perfumes, low foam wetting agent, pigments and enzymes. Environmental impacts of detergents compositions are inevitable.
Zamora and Alvarez investigated about these environmental impacts in surface sediments at the south end of the Southern California Bight Figure 1.
Their main purpose of this study was to investigate the extent of the impact of municipal water discharges on southern SCB sediments. They realized that this is due to mixing of different sediment sources in the area. Sandhu et al. They observed that the density of the agglomerates reduced significantly at the time of exposing to high power electromagnetic fields Figure 2.
In addition, they concluded that by applying microwave heating, the porosity of the materials can be increased significantly without affecting its chemical properties. In our company we use LABS, but why it seems to be necessary to use it for producing detergents? In addition to cost performance, other advantages such as the ease of spray drying if a powdered product is being made could be mentioned Figure 3.
For the first time, the Friedel—Crafts alkylation of benzene with propylene tetramer was used to obtain the first alkylbenzene sulfonates as shown in Figure 4. In addition, they studied the activity of the composite material in alkylation of benzene with different olefins table 2. Figure 2 A Setup for waveguide heating instrument, B applicator of waveguide, C the diagram in which temperature is as a function of time and D resistance time for sample exposed to different input powers.
In recent decades, synthetic surfactants have been used significantly in different fields of application. It is noteworthy that almost one half of these surfactants are used in domestic cleaning detergents. Synthetic surfactants have unique properties such as reduction of interracial tension and formation of micelles which is because of their structure. In general, their molecules consist of a polar head group, which interacts favorably with water and a nonpolar hydrocarbon tail, which is not easily dissolved in water which in turn gives rise to amphiphilic properties of these compounds.
Synthetic surfactants hydrophobicity is because of a long chain aliphatic hydrocarbon that they consist. Surfactants generally are classified into 4 categories: noncharged, amphoteric, cationic or anionic, according to the charge of their headgroup Figure 6.
Surfactants are important in terms of environmental aspect because, after use, a major portion is disposed into wastewater and will eventually find a way into natural fresh waters. There have been many investigations and facilities for wastewater treatment which are effective in largely reducing the concentrations of surfactants.
Accordingly, the companies that use these compounds must consider the treatment processes. Figure 6 Structures of surfactants as a whole. One of the surfactants that mostly are used in laundry detergents is anionic surfactants because of their excellent work to remove dirt, clay, and some oily stains.
To start working, these surfactants are needed to be ionized. When anionic surfactants are added to water, they start to be ionized and obtain a negative charge. Dirt, clay, and some oily stains which are positively charged particles bind to the negatively charged surfactants. They are significantly effective in removing particulate soils. Anionic surfactants generally give higher levels of foam compared to the other classes of surfactants.
SLES Figure 7 , sulfonic acid salts, alcohol sulfates, alkylbenzene sulfonates, phosphoric acid esters, and carboxylic acid salts are some examples of anionic surfactants. Surfactants come in four different types: anionic, nonionic, cationic, and amphoteric.
Soap, by definition, is the product of a fat and an alkali -- usually sodium or potassium hydroxide. Fat, made of triglycerides, is composed of three fatty acids hence the prefix "tri-" connected to one glycerin hence "glyceride". There are many types of triglycerides; each type consists of its own particular combination of fatty acids. It is the fatty acid part that reacts with sodium or potassium hydroxide that creates a soap with the glycerin left behind. Detergents are created in a multi-step process -- making a completely synthetic substance.
It's literally called a "slurry mixture" when being developed. The hydrocarbon will become fat-loving end of the surfactant. Other chemicals, such as sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid, and ethylene oxide, are used to produce the water-loving end of the surfactant molecule. The hydrocarbon plus the other chemicals creates the new, synthetic acid which is ready to be mixed with another agent.
Sometimes it is mixed with ethylene oxide to create a nonionic surfactant. Other times it is mixed with an alkali - usually sodium or potassium hydroxide - to make an anionic surfactant. However, the differences in detergent ions is going beyond the scope of this post. I'd like to point out that the creation of detergents does not include glycerin which is why we use conditioner after shampoo and lotion after body wash.
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