Ben-Porath and Michael C. Johanek write that education is a private good, a public good, and a positional good. These concepts are worth unpacking because they are central to debates in education policy, and policy more generally. Elinor Ostrom argued that pure public goods meet two criteria: they are non-excludable and non-subtractable.
The former means that it is practically impossible regardless of your goals to keep people from benefitting from the good. The latter means that using some of the good does not use it up; the same amount is left for others.
A classic example of a public good is national defense: if the US maintains a military deterrent against foreign invasion, then everyone in the US benefits, and my security does not detract from yours. Another example is any basic discovery about nature. For Ostrom, a pure private good meets the opposite criteria: it is excludable and subtractable. For instance, a bowl of rice can practically speaking be reserved for one person, and if that person eats a bite of it, less rice is left.
Even if I leave it in the lunchroom for anyone to take, it is still a private good because I could have excluded it and subtracted from it. It register the user data like IP, location, visited website, ads clicked etc with this it optimize the ads display based on user behaviour. This cookie is a session cookie version of the 'rud' cookie. It contain the user ID information.
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Is equal for girls and boys Keeping girls in school benefits them and their families, communities and countries 2X the number of girls are on the path of gender equality. Sudan: Building the foundation for a strong education system. Kenya: Investing in education for a better future. Is backed by a strong system GPE transforms education systems to increase the number of children who are in school and learning million more children are in school in GPE partner countries.
Ethiopia: A long-term commitment to education spurs results.
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